In this sequence of modules we examine the programming process, and the use of related computer languages C and C++. The first module presents an overview of the evolution of computer languages, leading to an understanding of their variety.
We will also classify languages by their organisation, structure and operation, leading to a typology of computer languages. By examining their evolution we will also be able to understand the current significance and popularity of specific languages. The module then examines the stages involved in learning new languages by building on experience with other languages. In subsequent modules these techniques are applied to learning the C and C++ languages, but are essentially generic.
No two computer are identical, but many show similarities based on common purpose or descent. Most languages have constructs that allow logical operations, but languages created to solve problems with a specific logical base (Prolog, for instance) will have a greater range and complexity of constructs than a general-purpose language. Some languages are direct descendants of others (Algol led to Pascal which led to Modula) and therefore have similar syntax and structures. Generally, however, languages offer great diversity.
One useful way of characterising this is by examining the purpose of a language: what did the creators of the language expect it be used for? Some languages - notably Basic and Pascal - were devised to teach neophyte programmers how to program, and moreover to teach good programming practice. These languages are generally versatile but lack the depth that may be required for production work, particularly when this involves system software.
Most languages are general-purpose production-oriented languages, designed for the creation of applications in business or science, or in the home market. These range from the early classics like FORTRAN and Coble to the modern standards like C and C++. Such languages require both breadth (to support a range of application areas) and depth. They may provide complex libraries of pre-defined routines, and extensions for graphics.
Other ‘languages’ are really development environments, in which a whole suite of tools for application development (compilers, code generators, screen design tools) are incorporated. First exemplified by the Smalltalk system, this approach has also been taken by building such development systems around more conventional languages such as C++.
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Fundamental Programming Structures in C
